English Wars (Scandinavia)

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English Wars
Part of the French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars
Battle of Copenhagen, by John Thomas Serres
Date 1801, 1807–1814 Location Denmark–Norway Sweden Germany Result Anglo–Swedish victory Treaty of Kiel Denmark joined the anti-Napoleonic alliance Frederick VI of Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden Territorial changes Norway ceded to the King of Sweden Heligoland ceded to United Kingdom Swedish Pomerania ceded to Denmark
Belligerents
Denmark–Norway Supported by: French Empire Spain[a]	United Kingdom Supported by: Sweden[b]
Commanders and leaders
Christian VII Frederick VI Ernst Peymann Christian August Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte[d]	William Cavendish-Bentinck Spencer Perceval Robert Jenkinson Arthur Wellesley William Cathcart Hyde Parker Horatio Nelson James Gambier Gustav IV Adolf[c] Charles XIII[c] Crown Prince Charles John[d]
Spain was allied with France until the outbreak of the Peninsular War in 1808. Sweden first entered the war in 1808 following a declaration of war from Denmark-Norway. Gustav IV Adolf was deposed by a coup d'etat on 9 March 1809, and Charles XIII was appointed king. Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte was originally in French service, but was in 1810 elected crown prince of Sweden. He therefore changed sides in the war after Sweden declared war on France in 1812.

The English Wars (Danish: Englandskrigene, Swedish: Englandskrigen) were a series of conflicts pitting the United Kingdom and Sweden against Denmark-Norway as part of the Napoleonic Wars. It is named after England, the common name in Scandinavia for the United Kingdom, which declared war on Denmark-Norway due to disagreements over the neutrality of Danish trade and to prevent the Danish fleet falling into the hands of the First French Empire. It began with the Battle of Copenhagen (1801) and its latter stage from 1807 onwards was followed by the Gunboat War, the Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09 and the Swedish invasion of Holstein in 1814.